Table 3. Percentage distribution of children from birth through age 5 and not yet in kindergarten whose parents reported various combinations of weekly care arrangements, by child and family characteristics: 2005
Characteristic	Number of children (thousands)	One relative arrangement only	One nonrelative arrangement only	One center-based program only1	More than one nonparental arrangement of a single type2	Combination of nonparental arrangement types3
Total	12,344	20	14	45	6	16
Child’s age
Less than 1 year	1,471	36	27	23	6	7
1-2 years	4,262	25	21	36	7	11
3-5 years	6,611	12	6	55	5	22
Child’s sex
Male	6,411	19	13	46	5	17
Female	5,934	20	14	43	6	16
Child’s race/ethnicity
White, non-Hispanic	7,088	16	16	45	5	18
Black, non-Hispanic	2,039	23	9	49	5	15
Hispanic	2,096	28	13	40	6	12
Asian or Pacific Islander, non-Hispanic	348	17	9	55	5	14
Other race, non-Hispanic4	773	26	7	43	5	20
Family type
Two parents	9,168	18	15	47	5	15
One parent	2,961	26	10	39	6	20
Nonparent guardian(s)	216	14	8!	44	11	22
Parents’ language spoken most at home5
Both/only parent(s) speak(s) English	11,090	19	14	44	6	17
One of two parents speaks English	210	22	7	62	4!	5
No parent speaks English	1,044	24	15	48	4	8
Mother’s level of education6
Less than a high school	730	31	10	44	5	10
High school/GED	3,104	25	11	42	7	15
Vocational/technical or some college	3,504	23	14	42	5	16
Bachelor’s degree	2,845	12	15	52	5	17
Graduate or professional education   or degree	1,905	11	18	45	6	20
Mother’s school enrollment status6
Enrolled	1,894	20	11	46	6	17
Not enrolled	10,194	19	15	45	5	16
Mother’s employment status6
35 or more hours per week	6,078	20	17	39	6	18
Less than 35 hours per week	2,978	23	14	37	6	21
Looking for work	652	28	12	44	10	7
Not in the labor force	2,380	13	6	69	3	9
Mother’s work shift6, 7
Regular shift	7,985	20	17	39	5	19
Variable shift	1,071	22	13	33	12	20
Neighborhood conditions8
Concern regarding neighborhood   health and safety conditions	2,018	26	13	42	6	13
No concern regarding neighborhood   health and safety conditions	10,327	18	14	45	5	17
Household income
$25,000 or less	3,008	27	9	43	5	15
$25,001 to $50,000	2,767	27	11	40	5	17
$50,001 to $75,000	2,635	16	19	44	6	15
$75,001 to $100,000	1,775	13	19	47	6	15
$100,001 or more	2,159	10	13	52	5	21
Poverty status9
At or above poverty threshold	10,017	18	15	45	6	17
Below poverty threshold	2,328	28	9	43	5	15
!Interpret data with caution; coefficient of variation is 50 percent or more. 1Center-based arrangements include day care centers, Head Start programs, preschools, prekindergartens, and other early childhood programs. 2Estimates include more than one arrangement of a given type (e.g., two relative arrangements). 3Estimates include any combination of relative care, nonrelative care, and center-based programs, but only one arrangement of a given type (e.g., one nonrelative arrangement, or one center-based program). 4"Other race, non-Hispanic" includes children who were multiracial and not of Hispanic ethnicity, or who were American Indian or Alaska Native, or were not Hispanic, White, Black, Asian, or Pacific Islander. 5Complete descriptions of the categories for parents’ language are as follows: (1) "Both/only parent(s) learned English as child(ren) or currently speak(s) English in the home," (2) "One of two parents learned English as a child or currently speaks English in the home," and (3) "No parent learned English as a child and both/only parent(s) currently speak(s) a non-English language in the home." 6Children without mothers living in the household are not included in estimates related to mother’s education, enrollment, employment status, or work shift. 7Work shifts were collapsed into two categories: regular and variable work shifts. A regular work shift is one with set hours. A variable shift is one that changes from days to evenings or nights regardless of whether the hours are set by the employer or the employee. 8Parents or guardians respond "yes" or "no" to the question: "Are there any conditions in your neighborhood that make you worried about the health or safety of ((CHILD)/any of the children) in your household?" 9Children are considered poor if they were living in households with incomes below the poverty threshold, which is a dollar amount determined by the federal government to meet the household’s needs, given its size and composition. NOTE: Estimates include children from birth through 5 years of age, and not yet in kindergarten, with at least one weekly nonparental care arrangement. Detail may not sum to totals because of rounding. SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Early Childhood Program Participation Survey of the National Household Education Surveys Program (ECPP-NHES:2005).