| Characteristic |
Percent of children demonstrating proficiency in cognitive skills |
|
Percent of children demonstrating proficiency in motor skills |
| Receptive vocabulary |
Expressive vocabulary |
Listening comprehension |
Matching discrimination |
Early
counting |
|
Skillful
walking |
Balance |
Fine
motor control |
Uses stairs |
Alternating balance |
Motor
planning |
| Total |
84.5 |
63.9 |
36.6 |
31.9 |
3.9 |
|
92.6 |
89.4 |
55.5 |
48.1 |
30.0 |
10.2 |
| Sex |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Male |
81.4 |
59.2 |
32.9 |
28.4 |
3.0 |
|
92.0 |
88.4 |
54.2 |
46.9 |
28.7 |
9.6 |
| Female |
87.8 |
68.8 |
40.6 |
35.5 |
4.8 |
|
93.2 |
90.5 |
56.8 |
49.3 |
31.3 |
10.9 |
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Race/ethnicity1 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| White |
88.7 |
70.8 |
42.2 |
37.1 |
5.2 |
|
92.8 |
89.9 |
55.8 |
48.4 |
30.2 |
10.4 |
| Black |
79.4 |
55.7 |
29.9 |
25.5 |
2.2 |
|
93.3 |
90.6 |
58.0 |
50.2 |
32.5 |
11.2 |
| Hispanic |
78.3 |
53.7 |
28.2 |
24.1 |
1.9 |
|
91.6 |
87.9 |
53.5 |
46.3 |
28.2 |
9.4 |
| Asian |
82.6 |
62.0 |
35.4 |
30.7 |
3.7 |
|
92.4 |
89.2 |
54.8 |
47.5 |
29.3 |
9.9 |
| Pacific Islander |
78.9 |
54.2 |
27.8 |
23.2 |
1.1 |
|
92.8 |
90.0 |
54.0 |
46.5 |
27.3 |
8.9 |
| American Indian/Alaska Native |
74.9 |
49.9 |
25.5 |
21.7 |
1.4 |
|
92.3 |
89.0 |
55.0 |
47.8 |
29.8 |
10.2 |
| More than one race |
85.0 |
64.5 |
37.0 |
32.2 |
3.7 |
|
92.4 |
89.1 |
54.5 |
47.2 |
28.9 |
9.7 |
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Primary type of care arrangement |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| No regular nonparental |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| arrangement |
83.4 |
62.0 |
34.8 |
30.2 |
3.3 |
|
92.2 |
88.8 |
54.5 |
47.2 |
29.0 |
9.7 |
| Home-based care |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Relative care |
83.2 |
61.6 |
34.7 |
30.1 |
3.6 |
|
92.7 |
89.7 |
55.8 |
48.3 |
30.1 |
10.3 |
| Nonrelative care |
86.7 |
67.7 |
39.8 |
34.8 |
4.4 |
|
93.3 |
90.6 |
57.1 |
49.5 |
31.5 |
10.8 |
| Center-based care2 |
87.5 |
69.4 |
41.6 |
36.7 |
5.5 |
|
93.0 |
90.2 |
56.9 |
49.5 |
31.8 |
11.2 |
| Multiple arrangements |
81.7 |
63.1 |
38.0 |
33.8 |
6.2 |
|
91.3 |
87.1 |
52.4 |
45.8 |
27.9 |
9.8 |
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Parents’ highest level of education |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Less than high school |
76.5 |
50.4 |
25.4 |
21.5 |
1.2 |
|
91.2 |
87.2 |
52.7 |
45.6 |
27.4 |
9.0 |
| High school diploma or equivalent |
81.9 |
58.8 |
32.0 |
27.4 |
2.5 |
|
92.4 |
89.2 |
55.2 |
47.8 |
29.7 |
10.0 |
| Some college |
84.5 |
64.1 |
36.7 |
31.8 |
3.6 |
|
92.6 |
89.4 |
55.6 |
48.2 |
30.2 |
10.4 |
| Bachelor’s degree |
88.5 |
71.0 |
42.5 |
37.4 |
5.3 |
|
93.2 |
90.5 |
56.6 |
49.1 |
30.9 |
10.7 |
| Any graduate education |
90.4 |
74.7 |
46.5 |
41.4 |
7.1 |
|
93.0 |
90.2 |
56.5 |
48.9 |
30.8 |
10.6 |
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Mother’s employment status |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Full-time (35 hours or more) |
85.6 |
65.8 |
38.2 |
33.4 |
4.2 |
|
93.0 |
90.1 |
56.7 |
49.1 |
31.2 |
10.8 |
| Part-time (less than 35 hours) |
86.6 |
67.6 |
39.7 |
34.8 |
4.7 |
|
92.8 |
89.8 |
55.5 |
48.1 |
29.8 |
10.1 |
| Looking for work |
80.1 |
56.6 |
30.2 |
25.8 |
1.9 |
|
92.0 |
88.4 |
53.8 |
46.7 |
28.5 |
9.6 |
| Not in labor force |
83.1 |
61.6 |
34.7 |
30.1 |
3.4 |
|
92.2 |
88.8 |
54.7 |
47.3 |
29.2 |
9.9 |
| No mother in household |
79.3 |
54.8 |
30.5 |
26.8 |
5.1 |
|
93.8 |
91.2 |
57.5 |
49.9 |
31.7 |
10.7 |
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Poverty status |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| In poverty |
78.7 |
54.6 |
29.0 |
24.8 |
2.1 |
|
91.8 |
88.1 |
54.1 |
46.8 |
28.8 |
9.6 |
| At or above poverty |
86.2 |
66.7 |
38.9 |
34.0 |
4.4 |
|
92.8 |
89.8 |
55.9 |
48.4 |
30.3 |
10.4 |
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Socioeconomic status (SES)3 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Lowest 20 percent |
77.3 |
51.6 |
26.4 |
22.5 |
1.6 |
|
91.7 |
88.0 |
53.6 |
46.4 |
28.2 |
9.4 |
| Middle 60 percent |
84.5 |
63.9 |
36.4 |
31.5 |
3.5 |
|
92.5 |
89.4 |
55.5 |
48.1 |
30.0 |
10.2 |
| Highest 20 percent |
91.1 |
75.4 |
46.7 |
41.5 |
7.0 |
|
93.4 |
90.8 |
57.2 |
49.5 |
31.5 |
10.9 |
| ! Interpret data with caution (estimates are unstable). |
| 1 Race categories exclude persons of Hispanic ethnicity. |
| 2 Head Start is included with center-based care because few children were in Head Start in the 2-year follow-up. |
| 3 Children are grouped into quintiles and classified into low, middle, and high SES based on a standardized composite index score of their parents’ education level, mother’s and father’s occupation, and family’s income. See glossary for a definition of socioeconomic status. |
| NOTE: Percentages reflect children who demonstrated mastery or “proficiency” within a subscale measuring specific skills. The Early Childhood Longitudinal Study, Birth Cohort (ECLS-B) sampled children born in 2001. Estimates for 2-year-olds pertain to children assessed between 22 and 25 months old. For more information on race/ethnicity, parents’ education, SES, and poverty, see supplemental note 1. For more information on ECLS-B, see supplemental note 3. See glossary for definitions of cognitive development and motor development. |
| SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Early Childhood Longitudinal Study, Birth Cohort (ECLS-B), Longitudinal 9-month–2-year Restricted-Use Data File and Longitudinal 9-month–Preschool Restricted-Use Data File. |
